| | of; ~'s (possessive particle) / (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) / (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) / (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的｜跑堂儿的 "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 "new one") / also pr. [di4] or [di5] in poetry and songs | HSK 1 |
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| | (bound form) up; upper; above; previous / first (of multiple parts) / to climb; to get onto; to go up / to attend (class or university) / (directional complement) up / (noun suffix) on; above | HSK 1 |
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| | (pronoun) this; these / (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) / (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. [zhei4], esp. in Beijing) | HSK 1 |
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| | to compare / (followed by a noun and adjective) more {adj.} than {noun} / ratio / to gesture / (Taiwan pr. [bi4] in some compounds derived from Classical Chinese) | HSK 1 |
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| | heel / to follow closely / to go with / (of a woman) to marry sb / with / compared with / to / towards / and (joining two nouns) | HSK 1 |
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| | plural marker for pronouns, and nouns referring to individuals | HSK 1 |
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| | (joining two nouns) and; together with; with (Taiwan pr. [han4]) / (math.) sum / to make peace / (sports) to draw; to tie / (bound form) harmonious / (bound form) Japan; Japanese | HSK 1 |
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| | (classifier used before a noun that has no specific classifier) / (bound form) individual | HSK 1 |
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| | (noun suffix) | HSK 1 |
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| | home / family / (polite) my (sister, uncle etc) / classifier for families or businesses / refers to the philosophical schools of pre-Han China / noun suffix for a specialist in some activity, such as a musician or revolutionary, corresponding to English -ist, -er, -ary or -ian / CL: 個｜个 | HSK 1 |
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| | to wait for; to await / by the time; when; till / and so on; etc.; et al. / (bound form) class; rank; grade / (bound form) equal to; same as / (used to end an enumeration) / (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun) | HSK 1 |
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| | to hold / to seize / to catch / to apprehend / to take / (used in the same way as 把: to mark the following noun as a direct object) | HSK 1 |
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| | to leave; to part (from) / (literary) to differentiate; to distinguish / (dialect) to turn away; to turn aside; to avert (one's face, gaze etc) / (bound form) other; another; different / don't ...! / to fasten with a pin or clip / to stick in; to insert (in order to hinder movement) / (noun suffix) category (as in 性別｜性别, 派別｜派别) | HSK 1 |
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| | name / noun (part of speech) / place (e.g. among winners) / famous / classifier for people | HSK 2 |
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| | suffix for nouns | HSK 2 |
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| | nature / character / property / quality / attribute / sexuality / sex / gender / suffix forming adjective from verb / suffix forming noun from adjective, corresponding to -ness or -ity / essence / CL: 個｜个 | HSK 3 |
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| | (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... / (after a noun) person involved in ... / -er / -ist / (used after a number or 後｜后 or 前 to refer to sth mentioned previously) / (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) / (old) (used at the end of a command) / (old) this | HSK 3 |
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| | to hold; to grasp / to hold a baby in position to help it urinate or defecate / handlebar / classifier: handful, bundle, bunch / classifier for things with handles / (used to put the object before the verb: 把 + {noun} + {verb}) | HSK 3 |
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| | to follow / from / because of; due to / by; via; through / (before a noun and a verb) it is for ... to ... | HSK 3 |
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| | (after a noun) between; among; amid / (used after certain bisyllabic words to form expressions indicating a short period of time, e.g. 彈指之間｜弹指之间) | HSK 4 |
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| | place / location / (after a noun) place where it is located | HSK 5 |
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| | (before a noun) Do (you, they etc) have ...? / Is there a ...? / (before a verb) Did (you, they etc) (verb, infinitive)? / Have (you, they etc) (verb, past participle)? | HSK 6 |
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| | (conjunction linking two nouns) and its ...; and their ...; and his ...; and her ... | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to the greatest extent / (when used before a noun of location) furthest or extreme / to be within the limits of / to give priority to | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to begin (with ...) (typically used in a structure such as 從｜从 + {noun} + 入手: "to begin with {noun}; to take {noun} as one's starting point") / to receive; to obtain; to buy | HSK 7-9 |
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| | (after a noun N and before a predicate P) the reason why N P / Example: 我之所以討厭他｜我之所以讨厌他 "the reason why I dislike him (is ...)" | HSK 7-9 |
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| | (military, firefighting etc) (verb and noun) drill; exercise; maneuver | HSK 7-9 |
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| | taste / smell / (fig.) (noun suffix) feel / quality / sense / (TCM) classifier for ingredients of a medicine prescription | |
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| | to long for / to wish / to cling to / to stick to / sth that sticks / close to / next to / spread open / informal abbr. for bus 巴士 / bar (unit of pressure) / nominalizing suffix on certain nouns, such as 尾巴, tail | |
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| | part of speech (noun, verb, adjective etc) / lexical category | |
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| | suffix of a noun of locality | |
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| | (old) third person singular pronoun ("he" or "she") / second person singular pronoun ("you") / (May 4th period) third person singular feminine pronoun ("she") / (Classical Chinese) introductory particle with no specific meaning / (preceding a noun) that | |
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| | (linguistics) noun / term (name for a concept) | |
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| | (arch.) minister / official / noun prefix denoting function or status / a youth | |
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| | (medicine) (verb and noun) contracture | |
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| | to apply (knowledge etc) creatively and flexibly / to use a word flexibly (e.g. a noun as an adjective) | |
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| | (following a noun) full of ... / abounding in ... | |
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| | (dialect) hen; prostitute / (Tw) (adjective) interfering; nosy; (noun) busybody (from Taiwanese 家婆, Tai-lo pr. [ke-pô]) | |
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| | proper noun | |
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| | (the 3rd part of a 3-part construction: 非 + (noun) + 莫屬｜莫属, meaning "to be none other than (noun); would have to be (noun)") (this construction comes after a description of a person or thing that has a certain attribute) | |
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| | edge (used directly after a noun, e.g. roadside 馬路沿兒｜马路沿儿) | |
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| | common noun / generic term / to introduce oneself | |
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| | countable noun (in grammar of European languages) | |
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| | plural form (of a countable noun) | |
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| | noun of locality (linguistics) | |
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| | determiner (in grammar, i.e. article, demonstrative, possessive pronoun, noun genitive etc) | |
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| | common noun (grammar) | |
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| | proper noun | |
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| | technical term / proper noun | |
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| | uncountable noun (in grammar of European languages) | |
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| | animate noun | |
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| | nominal classifier (in Chinese grammar) / measure word applying mainly to nouns | |
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| | proper noun | |
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| | collective noun (linguistics) | |
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| | inanimate noun | |
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