| | to open (transitive or intransitive) / (of ships, vehicles, troops etc) to start / to turn on; to put in operation; to operate; to run / to boil / to write out (a prescription, check, invoice etc) / (directional complement) away; off / carat (gold) / abbr. for Kelvin, 開爾文｜开尔文 / abbr. for 開本｜开本, book format | HSK 1 |
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| | Chinese language | HSK 1 |
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| | to write an essay / composition (student essay) / CL: 篇 | HSK 2 |
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| | English (language) | HSK 2 |
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| | foreign language (written) | HSK 3 |
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| | paper / treatise / thesis / CL: 篇 / to discuss a paper or thesis (old) | HSK 4 |
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| | astronomy | HSK 5 |
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| | the top and bottom of sth / the full vertical extent of sth; from top to bottom / to go up and down / before and after (as in 上下文 "context") / (used after a quantity) approximately; ... or so / (in a social hierarchy) the high and the low; seniors and juniors (as in 上下和睦 "harmony between superiors and subordinates") / all members of a group (as in 舉國上下｜举国上下 "the entire nation") / relative superiority (as in 不相上下 "evenly matched") | HSK 5 |
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| | (broadly) prose (as opposed to verse) / (more narrowly) free-form literary prose, such as essays, sketches and reflections | HSK 5 |
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| | language / culture / writing / formal / literary / gentle / (old) classifier for coins / Kangxi radical 67 | HSK 7-9 |
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| | entire text / full text | HSK 7-9 |
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| | humanities / human affairs / culture | HSK 7-9 |
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| | early form of Chinese characters inscribed in stone, a precursor of the small seal 小篆 | |
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| | Syriac language (from c. 2nd century BC) / the Syriac script | |
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| | surname Wen | |
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| | to solicit articles, essays or pieces of literature (on a subject or in commemoration of an event) | |
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| | to return to old ways (a Confucian aspiration) / to turn back the clock / neoclassical school during Tang and Song associated with classical writing 古文 / retro (fashion style based on nostalgia, esp. for 1960s) | |
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| | to issue a document / document issued by an authority / outgoing messages / (Internet) to post an article online | |
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| | short piece; article; short essay | |
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| | literature and language / (PRC) Chinese (as a school subject) | |
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| | old language / the Classics / Classical Chinese as a literary model, esp. in Tang and Song prose / Classical Chinese as a school subject | |
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| | Russian language | |
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| | Lord's Prayer | |
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| | Thousand Character Classic, 6th century poem used as a traditional reading primer | |
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| | official document | |
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| | Longman (name) | |
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| | main text (as opposed to footnotes) / main body (of a book) | |
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| | abbr. for 梵教 Brahmanism / abbr. for Sanskrit 梵語｜梵语 or 梵文 / abbr. for 梵蒂岡｜梵蒂冈, the Vatican | |
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| | Classical Chinese writing | |
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| | Calvin (1509-1564), French protestant reformer | |
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| | Wang Hongwen (1935-1992), one of the Gang of Four | |
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| | palindrome | |
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| | Calvin (name) | |
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| | translated text | |
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| | luminous style | |
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| | Lord Kelvin 1824-1907, British physicist (William Thomson) / Kelvin (temperature scale) | |
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| | to state in writing (laws, rules etc) | |
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| | hydrology | |
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| | advertorial | |
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| | this text / article / the main body of a book | |
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| | Tibetan script / Tibetan written language / Tibetan language | |
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| | Sanskrit | |
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| | rune | |
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| | clause / explanatory section in a document | |
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| | Japanese (language) | |
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| | Chinese written language / Chinese literature esp. as taught abroad | |
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| | scripture / scriptures / CL: 本 | |
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| | context / the surrounding words / same as 上下文 | |
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| | Charles Darwin (1809–1882), British biologist, author of "On the Origin of Species" 物種起源｜物种起源 / Darwin, capital of the Northern Territory (Australia) | |
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| | quotation / citation | |
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| | Xingwen county in Yibin 宜賓｜宜宾, Sichuan | |
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| | official written ruling in response to a submission / official approval in writing | |
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| | writing style (formal) / to send an official written communication | |
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| | Spanish / Western language / foreign languages (in Qing times) | |
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| | written / statutory | |
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| | Steven, Stephen (name) | |
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| | inscription on a tablet | |
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| | French language | |
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| | refined / educate / cultured / intellectual / polite / gentle | |
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| | Kuiwen district of Weifang city 濰坊市｜潍坊市, Shandong | |
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| | Owen (name) / Erwin (name) / Irvine, California | |
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| | Kevin (person name) | |
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| | Chinese language / Chinese script | |
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| | to write an article | |
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| | braille / literature in braille | |
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| | German (language) | |
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| | a single penny / a single cent | |
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| | Steven (name) / Simon Stevin (1548-1620), Flemish engineer and mathematician, played a key role in introducing the decimal system to Europe | |
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| | inscription in bronze / bell-cauldron inscription | |
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| | characters cut in relief | |
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| | preceding part of the text | |
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| | (idiom) penniless; completely broke | |
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| | essay | |
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| | Six Methods of forming Chinese characters, according to Han dictionary Shuowen 說文｜说文 - namely, two primary methods: 象形 (pictogram), 指事 (ideogram), two compound methods: 會意｜会意 (combined ideogram), 形聲｜形声 (ideogram plus phonetic), and two transfer methods: 假借 (loan), 轉注｜转注 (transfer) | |
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| | Pali, language of Theravad Pali canon | |
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| | remarkable or peculiar piece of writing | |
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| | original text | |
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| | a branch of the Xianbei 鮮卑｜鲜卑 nomadic people / two-character surname Yuwen | |
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| | inscription | |
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| | interpreting words / to explain the meaning of words in classic texts / to decipher an old script | |
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| | verse (as opposed to prose 散文) | |
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| | Mongolian language | |
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| | litany (text of a prayer) | |
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| | Jianwen Emperor, reign name of second Ming Emperor Zhu Yunwen 朱允炆 (1377-1402), reigned 1398-1402 | |
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| | preface / foreword / preamble / recital (law) / also written 敘文｜叙文 | |
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| | a worthless piece of paper (idiom) | |
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| | Manchurian written language | |
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| | to parade by interspersing one's speech or writing with literary allusions / Taiwan pr. [zhuan3 wen2] | |
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| | (Internet) to repost (Tw) | |
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| | the great seal / used narrowly for 籀文 / used broadly for many pre-Qin scripts | |
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| | variant of 諮｜咨 / used in 咨文 / used in 咨嗟 | |
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| | petition (submitted to a superior) | |
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| | without a penny to one's name / penniless / stony-broke | |
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| | Portuguese (language) | |
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| | dead letter / rule no longer in force / empty formality | |
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