| | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293 年) / former / formerly | HSK 1 |
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| | quilt / to cover (with) / (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) / used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊|被旅游 to "go on a trip") | HSK 3 |
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| | second of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / second in order / letter "B" or Roman "II" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / second party (in legal contract, usually 乙方, as opposed to 甲方) / ethyl / bent / winding / radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 5) / ancient Chinese compass point: 105° | HSK 5 |
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| | first of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / (used for an unspecified person or thing) / first (in a list, as a party to a contract etc) / letter "A" or roman "I" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / armor plating / shell or carapace / (of the fingers or toes) nail / bladed leather or metal armor (old) / ranking system used in the Imperial examinations (old) / civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲 system (old) / ancient Chinese compass point: 75° | HSK 5 |
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| | moist; glossy; sleek / to moisten; to lubricate / to embellish; to enhance / profit; remuneration / (neologism c. 2021) (slang) (loanword from "run") to emigrate (in order to flee adverse conditions) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | third of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / third in order / letter "C" or Roman "III" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 165° / propyl | HSK 7-9 |
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| | °C (degrees Celsius) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | C drive or default startup drive (computing) | |
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| | a powerful chief of the princes of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / overlord / hegemon | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子 | |
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| | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present-day Henan and Hebei Provinces | |
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| | surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | School of Logicians of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), also called the School of Names | |
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| | surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | surname Ruan / small state during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) located in the southeast of present-day Gansu Province | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Hōryūji, complex of Buddhist temples near Nara 奈良, Japan, dating back to the Asuka period 飛鳥時代|飞鸟时代 (c. 600) | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | age / seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / seventh in order / letter "G" or Roman "VII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 255° / hepta | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Zhou Dynasty / Western Zhou 西周 (1046-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou 東周|东周 (770-221 BC) | |
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| | Japanese limited company / corporation / public company / Ltd / p.l.c. / Corp / Japanese pr. kabushiki-gaisha | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 | |
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| | the Legalist school of political philosophy, which rose to prominence in the Warring States period (475-221 BC) (The Legalists believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong state control, and advocated for a system of rigidly applied punishments and rewards for specific behaviors.) / a Legalist | |
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| | ba-wan, dumpling made of glutinous dough, typically stuffed with minced pork, bamboo shoots etc, and served with a savory sauce (Taiwanese snack) (from Taiwanese 肉圓, Tai-lo pr. [bah-uân]) | |
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| | (neologism c. 2019) to exert control over (sb) by means of psychological manipulation (e.g. negging) / a person who does so (loanword from "pickup artist") / pr. [pi1 wu1 ei1] | |
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| | pomelo tree (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | surname Ji / family name of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty 周代 (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States (475-221 BC) periods | |
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| | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陝西|陕西 | |
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| | Liu Bang (256 or 247-195 BC), bandit leader who became first Han emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖|汉高祖 (reigned 202-195 BC) | |
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| | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) | |
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| | Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong | |
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| | surname Wei / name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history | |
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| | Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店, Beijing | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC | |
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| | (anatomy) lacrimal punctum / (literary) tears / (neologism c. 2015) the point at which one is moved to tears | |
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| | Washington (name) / George Washington (1732-1799), first US president / Washington, US State / Washington, D.C. (US federal capital) | |
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| | Li (c. 2000 BC), sixth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Ai 哀 | |
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| | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) | |
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| | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | tenth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / tenth in order / letter "J" or Roman "X" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 15° / deca | |
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| | Mozi (c. 470-391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | to play the xiao 簫|箫 (mouth organ) / to beg while playing pipes; cf politician Wu Zixu 伍子胥, c. 520 BC destitute refugee in Wu town, 吳市吹簫|吴市吹箫 / to busk / virtuoso piper wins a beauty, cf 玉人吹簫|玉人吹箫 / (slang) fellatio / blowjob | |
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| | vitamin C / ascorbic acid | |
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| | the state of Qin, one of the seven states of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Zeng Shen (505-435 BC), a.k.a. 曾子, student of Confucius, presumed editor or author of Confucian classic the Great Learning 大學|大学 | |
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| | King Wu of Zhou (-1043), personal name Ji Fa 姬發|姬发, reigned 1046-1043 BC as first king of Western Zhou dynasty 1046-1043 BC | |
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| | Fuxi, legendary Chinese emperor, trad. 2852-2738 BC, mythical creator of fishing, trapping and writing | |
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| | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Silla, Korean kingdom 57 BC-935 AD / one of the Korean Three Kingdoms from 1st century AD, defeating its rivals Paikche 百濟|百济 and Koguryo 高句麗|高句丽 around 660 in alliance with Tang China / unified Silla 658-935 | |
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| | the Hundred Schools of Thought, the various schools of thought and their exponents during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770-220 BC) | |
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| | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵 (304-329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵 (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms | |
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| | (term coined c. 1920s) unequal treaty – a treaty between China and one or more aggressor nations (including Russia, Japan and various Western powers) which imposed humiliating conditions on China (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) | |
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| | Princess Taiping (c. 665-713), Tang Dynasty princess, politically powerful and known for her beauty | |
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| | Jiang Ziya (c. 1100 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), partly mythical sage advisor to King Wen of Zhou 周文王 and purported author of “Six Secret Strategic Teachings” 六韜|六韬, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | Mohammed (c. 570-632), central figure of Islam and prophet of God | |
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| | Duke Huan of Qi (reigned 685-643 BC), one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸 | |
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| | Qin Shihuang (259-210 BC), the first emperor | |
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| | surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956 | |
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| | posthumous name of the first Han emperor Liu Bang 劉邦|刘邦 (256 or 247-195 BC), reigned 202-195 BC | |
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| | Bamboo Annals, early chronicle of Chinese ancient history, written c. 300 BC | |
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| | Zhangsun Wuji (c. 594-659), politician and historian of early Tang | |
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| | state of Wei (c. 1040-209 BC), vassal of Zhou | |
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| | Ying Zheng (260-210 BC), personal name of the first emperor 秦始皇 | |
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| | Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture (Tibetan: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ng rigs rang skyong khul, formerly in Kham province of Tibet), northwest Sichuan, capital Barkam 馬爾康鎮|马尔康镇 / also Ngawa county | |
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| | a low fever (up to 38°C) | |
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| | Virgil or Vergilius (70-19 BC), Roman poet and author of the Aeneid 埃涅阿斯紀|埃涅阿斯纪 | |
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| | Tao Qian or Tao Yuanming 陶淵明|陶渊明 (c. 365-427), Jin dynasty writer and poet | |
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| | Ba Jia Jiang, the eight generals that guard the godly realm in Taiwanese folklore, represented by troupes of dancers in temple processions / (slang) lowlife gangster or young hoodlum, often written as "8+9", [ba1 jia1 jiu3] | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | Hamlet (name) / the Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark c. 1601 by William Shakespeare 莎士比亞|莎士比亚 | |
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| | surname Yao / Yao or Tang Yao (c. 2200 BC), one of the Five legendary Emperors 五帝, second son of Di Ku 帝嚳|帝喾 | |
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| | Duke Mu of Qin, the first substantial king of Qin (ruled 659-621 BC), sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸 | |
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| | King Mu, fifth king of Zhou, said to have lived to 105 and reigned 976-922 BC or 1001-947 BC, rich in associated mythology | |
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| | lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal / length and breadth / criss-crossed / able to move unhindered / abbr. for 合縱連橫|合纵连横, School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Goguryeo (37 BC-668 AD), one of the Korean Three Kingdoms | |
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| | Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), Daoist author | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | Daoist School of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), based on the teachings of Laozi or Lao-tze 老子 (c. 500 BC-) and Zhuangzi 莊子|庄子 (369-286 BC) | |
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| | (coll.) expert; connoisseur; guru; enthusiast; geek (influenced by Japanese 達人 "tatsujin" c. 2000) / (literary) sensible person; person who understands life / (literary) optimist | |
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| | names of the notes of a musical scale (e.g. C, D, E or do, re, mi) | |
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| | Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), famous Roman politician, orator and philosopher, murdered at the orders of Marc Anthony | |
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| | Hua Mulan, legendary woman warrior (c. fifth century), Northern dynasties folk hero recorded in Sui and Tang literature | |
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| | Khufu (pharaoh, reigned possibly 2590-2568 BC) | |
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| | surname Zou / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) in the southeast of Shandong | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC), mythical leader who tamed the floods / surname Yu | |
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| | Li Shangyin (c. 813-858), Tang poet | |
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| | the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC | |
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