| | quilt / to cover (with) / (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) / used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊|被旅游 to "go on a trip") | HSK 3 |
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| | second of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / second in order / letter "B" or Roman "II" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / second party (in legal contract, usually 乙方, as opposed to 甲方) / ethyl / bent / winding / radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 5) / ancient Chinese compass point: 105° | HSK 5 |
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| | first of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / (used for an unspecified person or thing) / first (in a list, as a party to a contract etc) / letter "A" or roman "I" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / armor plating / shell or carapace / (of the fingers or toes) nail / bladed leather or metal armor (old) / ranking system used in the Imperial examinations (old) / civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲 system (old) / ancient Chinese compass point: 75° | HSK 5 |
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| | moist; glossy; sleek / to moisten; to lubricate / to embellish; to enhance / profit; remuneration / (neologism c. 2021) (slang) (loanword from "run") to emigrate (in order to flee adverse conditions) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | third of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / third in order / letter "C" or Roman "III" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 165° / propyl | HSK 7-9 |
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| | °C (degrees Celsius) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | C drive or default startup drive (computing) | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | Hōryūji, complex of Buddhist temples near Nara 奈良, Japan, dating back to the Asuka period 飛鳥時代|飞鸟时代 (c. 600) | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Japanese limited company / corporation / public company / Ltd / p.l.c. / Corp / Japanese pr. kabushiki-gaisha | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia | |
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| | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | pomelo tree (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店, Beijing | |
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| | (anatomy) lacrimal punctum / (literary) tears / (neologism c. 2015) the point at which one is moved to tears | |
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| | Washington (name) / George Washington (1732-1799), first US president / Washington, US State / Washington, D.C. (US federal capital) | |
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| | Li (c. 2000 BC), sixth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Ai 哀 | |
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| | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | Mozi (c. 470-391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | vitamin C / ascorbic acid | |
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| | fifth year E5 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1988 or 2048 | |
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| | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | Princess Taiping (c. 665-713), Tang Dynasty princess, politically powerful and known for her beauty | |
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| | Mohammed (c. 570-632), central figure of Islam and prophet of God | |
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| | Bamboo Annals, early chronicle of Chinese ancient history, written c. 300 BC | |
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| | Zhangsun Wuji (c. 594-659), politician and historian of early Tang | |
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| | age / seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / seventh in order / letter "G" or Roman "VII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 255° / hepta | |
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| | Tao Qian or Tao Yuanming 陶淵明|陶渊明 (c. 365-427), Jin dynasty writer and poet | |
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| | Hamlet (name) / the Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark c. 1601 by William Shakespeare 莎士比亞|莎士比亚 | |
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| | surname Yao / Yao or Tang Yao (c. 2200 BC), one of the Five legendary Emperors 五帝, second son of Di Ku 帝嚳|帝喾 | |
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| | (of taste) hot or pungent / hard / laborious / suffering / eighth in order / eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / letter "H" or Roman "VIII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 285° / octa | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | Daoist School of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), based on the teachings of Laozi or Lao-tze 老子 (c. 500 BC-) and Zhuangzi 莊子|庄子 (369-286 BC) | |
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| | (coll.) expert; connoisseur; guru; enthusiast; geek (influenced by Japanese 達人 "tatsujin" c. 2000) / (literary) sensible person; person who understands life / (literary) optimist | |
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| | names of the notes of a musical scale (e.g. C, D, E or do, re, mi) | |
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| | Ai (c. 2000 BC), sixth of legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Li 釐|厘 | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC), mythical leader who tamed the floods / surname Yu | |
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| | Li Shangyin (c. 813-858), Tang poet | |
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| | Industrial Revolution, c. 1750-1830 | |
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| | Changle, a district of Fuzhou City 福州市, Fujian / Princess Changle of Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties 西魏, given in marriage c. 545 to Bumin Khan 土門|土门 | |
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| | Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), Confucian philosopher second only to Confucius / book of the same name, one of the classics of Confucianism | |
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| | School of Principle / Neo-Confucian Rationalistic School (from Song to mid-Qing times, c. 1000-1750, typified by the teachings of Cheng Hao 程顥|程颢, Cheng Yi 程頤|程颐 and Zhu Xi 朱熹) | |
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| | Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Ali (name) / Ali (c. 600-661), the fourth caliph of Islam / Ngari prefecture in Tibet | |
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| | greasy food; oily food / (of food) greasy; oily; fatty / (neologism c. 2017) (of a middle-aged man) obnoxious; pretentious; vulgar | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | Samuel C. C. Ting (1936-), American physicist, 1976 Nobel Prize laureate in physics | |
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| | Classic of Mountain and Sea, probably compiled c. 500 BC-200 BC, contains wide range of geography, mythology, witchcraft, popular customs etc | |
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| | Xunzi, (c. 310-237 BC), Confucian philosopher / the Xunzi, a collection of philosophical writings attributed to Xunzi | |
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| | Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader | |
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| | tenth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / tenth in order / letter "J" or Roman "X" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 15° / deca | |
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| | Marco Polo (1254-c. 1324), Venetian trader and explorer who traveled the Silk road to China, author of Il Milione (Travels of Marco Polo) | |
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| | Self-Strengthening Movement (period of reforms in China c 1861-1894), also named 洋務運動|洋务运动 | |
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| | silent; still; quiet / to mourn in silence; to observe silence / (neologism c. 2022) to stay at home during a pandemic | |
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| | Sun Simiao (c. 581-682), doctor and herbalist of the Sui and Tang dynasty, author of Prescriptions Worth a Thousand in Gold 千金要方 | |
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| | Ur (Sumerian city c. 4500 BC in modern Iraq) | |
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| | Plato's "The Republic" (c. 380 BC) | |
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| | to be revealed / to come out (of the truth) / chalk (for whitening walls) / (old) wine cup / (neologism c. 2021) healthcare worker or volunteer in full-body PPE (esp. during the COVID-19 pandemic) (from the 2014 Disney version of the Marvel Comics character Baymax, whose Chinese name is 大白) | |
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| | state of Wei (c. 1040-209 BC), vassal of Zhou | |
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| | fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / fifth in order / letter "E" or Roman "V" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / penta | |
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| | The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon, medical text c. 300 BC | |
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| | niacin (vitamin B3); nicotinic acid; Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid C6H5NO2 | |
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| | another name for Han Fei 韓非|韩非, Legalist philosopher (c. 280-233 BC) / Han Feizi, book of Legalist Philosophy authored by Han Fei 韓非|韩非 during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / ninth in order / letter "I" or Roman "IX" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 345° / nona | |
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| | Washington, D.C. / the US federal government | |
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| | to play the xiao 簫|箫 (mouth organ) / to beg while playing pipes; cf politician Wu Zixu 伍子胥, c. 520 BC destitute refugee in Wu town, 吳市吹簫|吴市吹箫 / to busk / virtuoso piper wins a beauty, cf 玉人吹簫|玉人吹箫 / (slang) fellatio / blowjob | |
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| | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" | |
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| | Eight Banners, military organization of Manchu later Jin dynasty 後金|后金 from c. 1600, subsequently of the Qing dynasty | |
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| | Hua Mulan, legendary woman warrior (c. fifth century), Northern dynasties folk hero recorded in Sui and Tang literature | |
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| | Jizi, legendary sage from end of Shang dynasty (c. 1100 BC), said to have opposed the tyrant Zhou 紂|纣, then ruled ancient Korea in the Zhou 周 dynasty | |
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| | bronze implement / refers to ancient bronze artifacts, from c. 2,000 BC | |
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| | (neologism c. 2015) (slang) (used jokingly) to live on dirt (typically because one has spent all one's money on consumer items) | |
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| | (neologism c. 2011) to deride a group of people / (of a group of people) to deride (sb) | |
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| | a low fever (up to 38°C) | |
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| | Jiang Ziya (c. 1100 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), partly mythical sage advisor to King Wen of Zhou 周文王 and purported author of “Six Secret Strategic Teachings” 六韜|六韬, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | Fu Shuo (c. 14th century BC), legendary sage and principal minister of Shang ruler Wu Ding | |
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| | (term coined c. 1920s) unequal treaty – a treaty between China and one or more aggressor nations (including Russia, Japan and various Western powers) which imposed humiliating conditions on China (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture in China / followers or clan of Shennong 神農|神农 | |
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| | Ma Zhiyuan (c. 1250-1321), Yuan dynasty dramatist in the 雜劇|杂剧 tradition of musical comedy, one of the Four Great Yuan Dramatists 元曲四大家 | |
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| | King Wen of Zhou state (c. 1152-1056 BC), reigned c. 1099-1056 BC as king of Zhou state, leading figure in building the subsequent Western Zhou dynasty, father of King Wu of Zhou 周武王 the first Zhou dynasty king | |
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| | Li Houzhu (c. 937-978), the final Southern Tang ruler (ruled 961-975) and a renowned poet / given name Li Yu 李煜 | |
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| | third rank / third category / third grade / grade C | |
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| | Shu Han (c. 200-263), Liu Bei's kingdom in Sichuan during the Three Kingdoms, claiming legitimacy as successor of Han | |
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| | Husain or Hussein (name) / Hussein (c. 626-680), Muslim leader whose martyrdom is commemorated at Ashura / Saddam Hussein al Tikriti (1937-2006), dictator of Iraq 1979-2003 | |
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| | angry youth – highly nationalistic young Chinese people (abbr. for 憤怒青年|愤怒青年) (neologism c. 1970s) | |
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| | Yao or Tang Yao (c. 2200 BC), one of Five Legendary Emperors 五帝, second son of Di Ku 帝嚳|帝喾 | |
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| | Eight Banners system, the military and social organization of the Manchus between c. 1500 and 1911 | |
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| | Zoroaster, Zarathustra or Zarathushtra (c. 1200 BC), Persian prophet and founder of Zoroastrianism | |
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| | 41st year A5 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1964 or 2024 | |
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| | Zhang Sengyou (active c. 490-540), one of the Four Great Painters of the Six Dynasties 六朝四大家 | |
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