| | quilt / to cover (with) / (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) / used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊|被旅游 to "go on a trip") | HSK 3 |
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| | as the time draws near / at the last moment / temporary / interim / ad hoc | HSK 4 |
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| | CE (Common Era) / Christian Era / AD (Anno Domini) | HSK 4 |
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| | second of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / second in order / letter "B" or Roman "II" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / second party (in legal contract, usually 乙方, as opposed to 甲方) / ethyl / bent / winding / radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 5) / ancient Chinese compass point: 105° | HSK 5 |
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| | first of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / (used for an unspecified person or thing) / first (in a list, as a party to a contract etc) / letter "A" or roman "I" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / armor plating / shell or carapace / (of the fingers or toes) nail / bladed leather or metal armor (old) / ranking system used in the Imperial examinations (old) / civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲 system (old) / ancient Chinese compass point: 75° | HSK 5 |
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| | moist; glossy; sleek / to moisten; to lubricate / to embellish; to enhance / profit; remuneration / (neologism c. 2021) (slang) (loanword from "run") to emigrate (in order to flee adverse conditions) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | third of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / third in order / letter "C" or Roman "III" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 165° / propyl | HSK 7-9 |
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| | °C (degrees Celsius) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | C drive or default startup drive (computing) | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | Hōryūji, complex of Buddhist temples near Nara 奈良, Japan, dating back to the Asuka period 飛鳥時代|飞鸟时代 (c. 600) | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | age / seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / seventh in order / letter "G" or Roman "VII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 255° / hepta | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Japanese limited company / corporation / public company / Ltd / p.l.c. / Corp / Japanese pr. kabushiki-gaisha | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 | |
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| | (Tw) Christian era / Gregorian calendar / AD (Anno Domini) | |
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| | (neologism c. 2019) to exert control over (sb) by means of psychological manipulation (e.g. negging) / a person who does so (loanword from "pickup artist") / pr. [pi1 wu1 ei1] | |
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| | pomelo tree (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店, Beijing | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | (anatomy) lacrimal punctum / (literary) tears / (neologism c. 2015) the point at which one is moved to tears | |
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| | Washington (name) / George Washington (1732-1799), first US president / Washington, US State / Washington, D.C. (US federal capital) | |
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| | Li (c. 2000 BC), sixth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Ai 哀 | |
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| | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) | |
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| | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | tenth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / tenth in order / letter "J" or Roman "X" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 15° / deca | |
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| | Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in Chinese history / any of several Three Kingdoms periods in Korean history, esp. from 1st century AD to unification under Silla 新羅|新罗 in 658 | |
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| | Mozi (c. 470-391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | to play the xiao 簫|箫 (mouth organ) / to beg while playing pipes; cf politician Wu Zixu 伍子胥, c. 520 BC destitute refugee in Wu town, 吳市吹簫|吴市吹箫 / to busk / virtuoso piper wins a beauty, cf 玉人吹簫|玉人吹箫 / (slang) fellatio / blowjob | |
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| | vitamin C / ascorbic acid | |
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| | fifth year E5 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1988 or 2048 | |
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| | book format, similar to in-4°, in-8° etc (a 16-kai format 16 開|16 开 is roughly A4) (abbr. to 開|开) | |
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| | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Silla, Korean kingdom 57 BC-935 AD / one of the Korean Three Kingdoms from 1st century AD, defeating its rivals Paikche 百濟|百济 and Koguryo 高句麗|高句丽 around 660 in alliance with Tang China / unified Silla 658-935 | |
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| | (term coined c. 1920s) unequal treaty – a treaty between China and one or more aggressor nations (including Russia, Japan and various Western powers) which imposed humiliating conditions on China (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) | |
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| | Princess Taiping (c. 665-713), Tang Dynasty princess, politically powerful and known for her beauty | |
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| | Jiang Ziya (c. 1100 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), partly mythical sage advisor to King Wen of Zhou 周文王 and purported author of “Six Secret Strategic Teachings” 六韜|六韬, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | Mohammed (c. 570-632), central figure of Islam and prophet of God | |
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| | surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong 羅貫中|罗贯中, one of the Four Classic Novels of Chinese literature, a fictional account of the Three Kingdoms at the break-up of the Han around 200 AD, portraying Liu Bei's 劉備|刘备 Shu Han 蜀漢|蜀汉 as heroes and Cao Cao's 曹操 Wei 魏 as villains | |
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| | Bamboo Annals, early chronicle of Chinese ancient history, written c. 300 BC | |
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| | Zhangsun Wuji (c. 594-659), politician and historian of early Tang | |
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| | state of Wei (c. 1040-209 BC), vassal of Zhou | |
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| | a low fever (up to 38°C) | |
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| | Tao Qian or Tao Yuanming 陶淵明|陶渊明 (c. 365-427), Jin dynasty writer and poet | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | Hamlet (name) / the Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark c. 1601 by William Shakespeare 莎士比亞|莎士比亚 | |
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| | Tubo or Tufan, old name for Tibet / the Tibetan Tubo dynasty 7th-11th century AD / also pr. [Tu3 fan1] | |
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| | surname Yao / Yao or Tang Yao (c. 2200 BC), one of the Five legendary Emperors 五帝, second son of Di Ku 帝嚳|帝喾 | |
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| | Goguryeo (37 BC-668 AD), one of the Korean Three Kingdoms | |
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| | Zilin, Chinese character dictionary with 12,824 entries from ca. 400 AD | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | Daoist School of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), based on the teachings of Laozi or Lao-tze 老子 (c. 500 BC-) and Zhuangzi 莊子|庄子 (369-286 BC) | |
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| | (coll.) expert; connoisseur; guru; enthusiast; geek (influenced by Japanese 達人 "tatsujin" c. 2000) / (literary) sensible person; person who understands life / (literary) optimist | |
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| | names of the notes of a musical scale (e.g. C, D, E or do, re, mi) | |
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| | the Sui dynasty (581-617 AD) / surname Sui | |
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| | Hua Mulan, legendary woman warrior (c. fifth century), Northern dynasties folk hero recorded in Sui and Tang literature | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC), mythical leader who tamed the floods / surname Yu | |
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| | Li Shangyin (c. 813-858), Tang poet | |
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| | Industrial Revolution, c. 1750-1830 | |
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| | Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD) | |
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| | Changle, a district of Fuzhou City 福州市, Fujian / Princess Changle of Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties 西魏, given in marriage c. 545 to Bumin Khan 土門|土门 | |
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| | Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), Confucian philosopher second only to Confucius / book of the same name, one of the classics of Confucianism | |
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| | School of Principle / Neo-Confucian Rationalistic School (from Song to mid-Qing times, c. 1000-1750, typified by the teachings of Cheng Hao 程顥|程颢, Cheng Yi 程頤|程颐 and Zhu Xi 朱熹) | |
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| | Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Ali (name) / Ali (c. 600-661), the fourth caliph of Islam / Ngari prefecture in Tibet | |
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| | greasy food; oily food / (of food) greasy; oily; fatty / (neologism c. 2017) (of a middle-aged man) obnoxious; pretentious; vulgar | |
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| | the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Ai (c. 2000 BC), sixth of legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Li 釐|厘 | |
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| | Samuel C. C. Ting (1936-), American physicist, 1976 Nobel Prize laureate in physics | |
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| | Classic of Mountain and Sea, probably compiled c. 500 BC-200 BC, contains wide range of geography, mythology, witchcraft, popular customs etc | |
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| | Titus Livius or Livy (59 BC-17 AD), Roman historian | |
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| | (neologism c. 2011) to deride a group of people / (of a group of people) to deride (sb) | |
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| | Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader | |
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| | Lie Zi, Daoist author, said to be early Warring States period 戰國|战国 / Daoist text in eight chapters, said to be by Lie Zi, probably compiled during WeiJin times 魏晉|魏晋 (3rd century AD) | |
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| | ancient Central Asian city state, flourished in first millennium AD, in modern Aksu 阿克蘇地區|阿克苏地区, Xinjiang | |
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| | Self-Strengthening Movement (period of reforms in China c 1861-1894), also named 洋務運動|洋务运动 | |
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| | Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 前漢|前汉, Former Han Dynasty | |
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| | the Franks (Germanic people who arrived in Europe from 600 AD and took over France) | |
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| | silent; still; quiet / to mourn in silence; to observe silence / (neologism c. 2022) to stay at home during a pandemic | |
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| | Sun Simiao (c. 581-682), doctor and herbalist of the Sui and Tang dynasty, author of Prescriptions Worth a Thousand in Gold 千金要方 | |
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| | Plato's "The Republic" (c. 380 BC) | |
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| | to be revealed / to come out (of the truth) / chalk (for whitening walls) / (old) wine cup / (neologism c. 2021) healthcare worker or volunteer in full-body PPE (esp. during the COVID-19 pandemic) (from the 2014 Disney version of the Marvel Comics character Baymax, whose Chinese name is 大白) | |
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| | fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / fifth in order / letter "E" or Roman "V" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / penta | |
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| | The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon, medical text c. 300 BC | |
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| | another name for Han Fei 韓非|韩非, Legalist philosopher (c. 280-233 BC) / Han Feizi, book of Legalist Philosophy authored by Han Fei 韓非|韩非 during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / ninth in order / letter "I" or Roman "IX" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 345° / nona | |
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| | Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC | |
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| | Washington, D.C. / the US federal government | |
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| | Eight Banners, military organization of Manchu later Jin dynasty 後金|后金 from c. 1600, subsequently of the Qing dynasty | |
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| | Yang Xiong (53 BC-18 AD), scholar, poet and lexicographer, author of the first Chinese dialect dictionary 方言 | |
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