| | a decade of a century (e.g. the Sixties) / age / era / period / CL: 個｜个 | HSK 3 |
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| | the not-very-distant past / modern times, excluding recent decades / (in the context of Chinese history) the period from the Opium Wars until the May 4th Movement (mid-19th century to 1919) / capitalist times (pre-1949) | HSK 4 |
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| | Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader | |
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| | Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in Chinese history / any of several Three Kingdoms periods in Korean history, esp. from 1st century AD to unification under Silla 新羅｜新罗 in 658 | |
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| | branch / stem / stalk / CL: 根 / to block / to hinder / (neologism that evolved from 哏, initially in Taiwan, during the first decade of the 21st century) memorable creative idea (joke, catchphrase, meme, neologism, witty remark etc) / prominent feature of a creative work (punchline of a joke, trope in a drama, special ingredient in a dish, riff in a pop song etc) | |
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| | (derog.) the Longhairs (Taiping rebels of the 19th century) | |
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| | Hakka ethnic group, a subgroup of the Han that in the 13th century migrated from northern China to the south | |
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| | Japanese pirates (in 16th and 17th century) | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | hundred years / century / lifetime | |
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| | century egg; preserved egg | |
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| | the late Qing / late 19th and early 20th century China | |
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| | mid- (e.g. mid-century) / middle period | |
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| | Hua Mulan, legendary woman warrior (c. fifth century), Northern dynasties folk hero recorded in Sui and Tang literature | |
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| | Lie Zi, Daoist author, said to be early Warring States period 戰國｜战国 / Daoist text in eight chapters, said to be by Lie Zi, probably compiled during WeiJin times 魏晉｜魏晋 (3rd century AD) | |
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| | forest of apricot trees / (fig.) honorific term for fine doctor (cf Dr Dong Feng 董奉, 3rd century AD, asked his patients to plant apricot trees instead of paying fees) | |
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| | Tubo or Tufan, old name for Tibet / the Tibetan Tubo dynasty 7th-11th century AD / also pr. [Tu3 fan1] | |
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| | the first Chinese dialect dictionary, edited by Yang Xiong 揚雄｜扬雄 in 1st century, containing over 9000 characters | |
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| | Annam (Tang Dynasty protectorate located in what is now northern Vietnam) / Annam (autonomous kingdom located in what is now northern Vietnam, 10th-15th century) / Annam (central part of Vietnam during the French colonial period) / old name for Vietnam / Annan District in Tainan 臺南｜台南, Taiwan / Kofi Annan (1938-2018), UN secretary-general 1997-2006 | |
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| | tortoise shells and animal bones used for divination in the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th to 11th century BC); oracle bones | |
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| | Living Buddha / title of Mongolian Lamas from 17th century | |
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| | the prehistoric Shang dynasty (c. 16th-11th century BC) | |
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| | Nanzhao, 8th and 9th century kingdom in Yunnan, at times allied with Tang against Tibetan Tubo pressure | |
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| | reference book consisting of material quoted from many sources, arranged by category (about 600 of which were compiled between the 3rd and 18th centuries in China) | |
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| | Robin Hood (English 12th century folk hero) | |
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| | Daji (c. 11th century BC), concubine of the last Shang dynasty king Zhou Xin 紂辛｜纣辛 | |
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| | foreign concession, an enclave occupied by a foreign power (in China in the 19th and 20th centuries) | |
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| | Jie people, a tribe of northern China around the 4th century | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC) mythical leader who tamed the floods | |
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| | Shuowen Jiezi, the original Han dynasty Chinese character dictionary with 10,516 entries, authored by Xu Shen 許慎｜许慎 in 2nd century | |
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| | late Ming / first half of the 17th century | |
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| | Asakusa, district of Tokyo with an atmosphere of old Japan, famous for the 7th century Buddhist temple, Sensō-ji | |
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| | Tuyuhun, nomadic people related to the Xianbei 鮮卑｜鲜卑 / a state in Qinghai in 4th-7th century AD | |
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| | seasoned / honed to perfection over centuries / special reserve | |
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| | oracle inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century BC) on tortoiseshells or animal bones | |
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| | early part (of a decade, century etc) / the first years | |
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| | Essential skill to benefit the people, sixth century encyclopedia of agricultural knowledge by Jia Sixie 賈思勰｜贾思勰 | |
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| | Sassanid Empire of Persia (c. 2nd-7th century AD) | |
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| | Mao Sui (third century BC), who proverbially offered his services to the King of Chu 楚, see 毛遂自薦｜毛遂自荐 | |
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| | anti-Qing / refers to the revolutionary movements in late 19th and early 20th century leading up to 1911 Xinhai Revolution 辛亥革命 | |
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| | Aceh province of Indonesia in northwest Sumatra / Aceh sultanate 16th-19th century | |
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| | Wen Kang (mid-19th century), Manchu-born novelist, author of The Gallant Maid 兒女英雄傳｜儿女英雄传 | |
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| | Zhang Xu (probably early 8th century), Tang dynasty poet and calligrapher, most famous for his grass script 草書｜草书 | |
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| | Wu Ding (c. 14th century BC), legendary founder and wise ruler of Shang dynasty | |
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| | Thousand Character Classic, 6th century poem used as a traditional reading primer | |
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| | dzi bead, a type of stone bead highly prized in Tibet for many centuries, reputed to hold supernatural power | |
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| | Xu Fu (3rd century BC), Qin dynasty court necromancer | |
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| | Yupian, Chinese dictionary compiled by Gu Yewang 顧野王｜顾野王 in 6th century AD | |
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| | Leipian, Chinese character dictionary with 31,319 entries, compiled by Sima Guang 司馬光｜司马光 et al in 11th century | |
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| | Zhang Qian (-114 BC), Han dynasty explorer of 2nd century BC | |
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| | Mani (3rd century AD), Persian prophet and founder of Manichaeism | |
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| | La Comédie humaine, series of novels by 19th century French novelist Honoré de Balzac 巴爾扎克｜巴尔扎克 | |
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| | King Zhou of Shang (11th century BC), notorious as a cruel tyrant | |
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| | Zhang Yi (c. 3rd century), literary figure from Wei of the Three Kingdoms, other name 稚讓｜稚让, named as compiler of earliest extant Chinese encyclopedia 廣雅｜广雅 and several lost works | |
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| | Guangyun, Chinese rime dictionary 韻書｜韵书 from 11th century, containing 26,194 single-character entries | |
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| | Ling Xiangru (dates unknown, 3rd century BC), famous statesman of Zhao 趙國｜赵国 | |
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| | century egg; preserved egg | |
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| | last years of the Sui dynasty / early 7th century AD | |
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| | Funan, ancient state in Southeast Asia (1st - 6th century) | |
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| | The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Eighty-one Difficulties, medical text, c. 1st century AD | |
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| | Li Bing (c. 3rd century BC) hydraulic engineer who designed the Dujiangyan 都江堰 irrigation system in Sichuan | |
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| | The Secret of the Golden Flower, a classic of Chinese Taoism published in the late 17th century | |
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| | Jie Zhitui (7th century BC), legendary selfless subject of Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公｜晋文公, in whose honor the Qingming festival 清明 (Pure brightness or tomb-sweeping festival) is said to have been initiated | |
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| | Zhou Xin (c. 11th century BC), last king of the Shang dynasty | |
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| | medieval / Middle Ages / Chinese middle antiquity, 3rd to 9th centuries, including Sui and Tang Dynasties / Middle (of a language, e.g. Middle English) / used / second-hand | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC), mythical leader who tamed the floods / surname Yu | |
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| | to invade China (referring to 19th century imperialist powers and Japan) | |
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| | modern history (for China, from the Opium Wars until the fall of the Qing Dynasty, i.e. mid-19th to early 20th century) | |
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| | Three Character Classic, 13th century reading primer consisting of Confucian tenets in lines of 3 characters | |
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| | Tripitaka, the central character of the 16th century novel "Journey to the West" 西遊記｜西游记, based on the monk Xuanzang 玄奘 (602-664) | |
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| | Mahābhārata, second great Indian epic after 羅摩衍那｜罗摩衍那, possibly originally c. 4th century BC | |
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| | old tea-horse road or southern Silk Road, dating back to 6th century, from Tibet and Sichuan through Yunnan and Southeast Asia, reaching to Bhutan, Sikkim, India and beyond | |
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| | treaty port, forced on Qing China by the 19th century Great Powers | |
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| | Jinghua Yuan or Flowers in the Mirror, Qing novel of fantasy and erudition (early 19th century) by Li Ruzhen 李汝珍 | |
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| | Zihui, Chinese character dictionary with 33,179 entries, released in 17th century | |
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| | Willow palisade across Liaoning, 17th century barrier | |
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| | Zhengzitong, Chinese character dictionary with 33,549 entries, edited by Ming scholar Zhang Zilie 張自烈｜张自烈 in 17th century | |
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| | The Book of Lord Shang, Legalist text of the 4th century BC | |
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| | Shenglei, the earliest Chinese rime dictionary with 11,520 single-character entries, released in 3rd century (was not preserved to this day) | |
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| | Jiyun, Chinese rime dictionary with 53,525 single-character entries, published in 11th century | |
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| | end of the century | |
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| | Tongwen Guan, 19th century college that trained translators for China's diplomatic corps, established in Beijing in 1862 and absorbed by the Imperial University in 1902 | |
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| | History of the Liao Dynasty, 13th-century book on the history of the Khitan Empire (916-1125) | |
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| | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) / Japanese Warring States period (15th-17th century) | |
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| | Silla, Korean kingdom 57 BC-935 AD / one of the Korean Three Kingdoms from 1st century AD, defeating its rivals Paikche 百濟｜百济 and Koguryo 高句麗｜高句丽 around 660 in alliance with Tang China / unified Silla 658-935 | |
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| | late Ming and early Qing / around the middle of the 17th century | |
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| | Wuqia county in Xinjiang / name of county in Xinjiang from early 20th century now called Wuqia 烏恰縣｜乌恰县 | |
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| | Wuqia county in Xinjiang / name of county in Xinjiang from early 20th century now called Wuqia 烏恰縣｜乌恰县 | |
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| | silly talk or "mo lei tau" (Cantonese), genre of humor emerging from Hong Kong late in the 20th century | |
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| | Asanga (Buddhist philosopher, c. 4th century AD) | |
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| | Dee Gong An (or Judge Dee's) Cases, 18th century fantasy featuring Tang dynasty politician Di Renjie 狄仁傑｜狄仁杰 as master sleuth, translated by R.H. van Gulik as Three Murder Cases Solved by Judge Dee | |
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| | white pottery (of Shang Dynastry 16-11th century BC) | |
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| | Khmer kingdom of Kampuchea or Cambodia / Chinese term for Cambodia from 7th to 15th century | |
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| | "shikumen" style architecture: traditional (ca. 19th century) residences with courtyards, once common in Shanghai | |
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| | Coptic, Afro-Asiatic language of the Copts 科普特人, spoken in Egypt until late 17th century | |
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| | Jamal al-Din ibn Muhammad al-Najjari (13th century), famous Persian astronomer and scholar who served Khubilai Khan 忽必烈 from c. 1260 | |
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| | green train (slow, noisy, unairconditioned train with forest green livery and yellow trim that ran on the Chinese railway system from the 1950s, phased out in the early 21st century) | |
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