| | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293 年) / former / formerly | HSK 1 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) | |
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| | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陝西|陕西 | |
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| | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" | |
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| | surname Yi / alternative name for 絳|绛, the capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) | |
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| | surname Wei / name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history | |
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| | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present-day Henan and Hebei Provinces | |
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| | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙|前赵 (304-329) and Later Zhao 後趙|后赵 (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader | |
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| | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia | |
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| | pre-Qin, Chinese history up to the foundation of the Qin imperial dynasty in 221 BC | |
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| | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) | |
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| | surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956 | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子 | |
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| | Hangu Pass in modern day Henan Province, strategic pass forming the eastern gate of the Qin State during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) | |
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| | surname Zou / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) in the southeast of Shandong | |
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| | lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal / length and breadth / criss-crossed / able to move unhindered / abbr. for 合縱連橫|合纵连横, School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | surname Ruan / small state during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) located in the southeast of present-day Gansu Province | |
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| | Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BC), legalist philosopher and statesman of the state of Qin 秦國|秦国, whose reforms paved the way for the eventual unification of the Chinese empire by the Qin dynasty 秦朝 | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | Zhou dynasty (1046-221 BC) | |
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| | School of Agriculture, school of thought of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Li (c. 2000 BC), sixth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, also known as Ai 哀 | |
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| | School of Logicians of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), also called the School of Names | |
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| | to play the xiao 簫|箫 (mouth organ) / to beg while playing pipes; cf politician Wu Zixu 伍子胥, c. 520 BC destitute refugee in Wu town, 吳市吹簫|吴市吹箫 / to busk / virtuoso piper wins a beauty, cf 玉人吹簫|玉人吹箫 / (slang) fellatio / blowjob | |
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| | Hemudu neolithic archaeological site near Ningbo in Zhejiang, going back to c. 5000 BC | |
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| | Guanzi or Guan Zhong 管仲 (-645 BC), famous politician of Qi 齊國|齐国 of Spring and Autumn period / Guanzi, classical book containing writings of Guan Zhong and his school | |
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| | the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Daoist School of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), based on the teachings of Laozi or Lao-tze 老子 (c. 500 BC-) and Zhuangzi 莊子|庄子 (369-286 BC) | |
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| | Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), Confucian philosopher second only to Confucius / book of the same name, one of the classics of Confucianism | |
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| | Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) | |
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| | Wu Qi (440-381 BC), military leader and politician of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), author of Wuzi 吳子|吴子, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | Classic of Mountain and Sea, probably compiled c. 500 BC-200 BC, contains wide range of geography, mythology, witchcraft, popular customs etc | |
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| | surname Ji / family name of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty 周代 (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | the Qin (221-207 BC) and Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties | |
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| | Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 前漢|前汉, Former Han Dynasty | |
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| | Fan Li (536-488 BC), politician of Yue state, businessman and economist | |
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| | a powerful chief of the princes of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / overlord / hegemon | |
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| | Qu Yuan (340-278 BC), famous Warring States statesman and poet, author of Sorrow at Parting 離騷|离骚 Lisao in Songs of Chu 楚辭|楚辞 | |
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| | Mohist School of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), founded by the philosopher 墨子 | |
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| | surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | Fuyu county in Songyuan 松原, Jilin / Pu'yo, Korean Buyeo (c. 200 BC-494 AD), ancient kingdom in northeast frontier region of China | |
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| | Ying Zheng (260-210 BC), personal name of the first emperor 秦始皇 | |
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| | surname Chu / abbr. for Hubei 湖北省 and Hunan 湖南省 provinces together / Chinese kingdom during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (722-221 BC) | |
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| | Han Fei, also known as Han Feizi 韓非子|韩非子 (c. 280-233 BC), Legalist philosopher of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | the state of Qin, one of the seven states of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Liu Bang (256 or 247-195 BC), bandit leader who became first Han emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖|汉高祖 (reigned 202-195 BC) | |
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| | Xiang Yu the Conqueror (232-202 BC), warlord defeated by first Han emperor | |
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| | Mozi (c. 470-391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) | |
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| | variant of 堯|尧, legendary emperor Yao, c. 2200 BC / embankment | |
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| | Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Liangzhu (c. 3400-2250 BC), neolithic culture of Changjiang delta | |
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| | Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) | |
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| | Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | forty-fifth year E9 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1968 or 2028 | |
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| | Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong | |
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| | Flame Emperors (c. 2000 BC), legendary dynasty descended from Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God | |
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| | the three legendary sovereigns of the third millennium BC: Suiren 燧人, Fuxi 伏羲 and Shennong 神農|神农, or 天皇, 地皇 and 人皇 | |
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| | Vertical and Horizontal Alliance, opposing stratagems devised by the School of Diplomacy 縱橫家|纵横家 during the Warring States Period (425-221 BC) | |
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| | Zi Lu (542-480 BC), disciple of Confucius 孔夫子, also known as Ji Lu 季路 | |
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| | the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC | |
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| | Zuo Zhuan or Tsochuan, Mr Zuo's Annals or Mr Zuo's commentary on 春秋, early history c. 400 BC attributed to famous blind historian Zuo Qiuming 左丘明 | |
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| | Eastern Zhou (770-221 BC) | |
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| | Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) / refers to the Western Han and Eastern Han | |
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| | the Legalist school of political philosophy, which rose to prominence in the Warring States period (475-221 BC) (The Legalists believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong state control, and advocated for a system of rigidly applied punishments and rewards for specific behaviors.) / a Legalist | |
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| | Socrates (469-399 BC), Greek philosopher / José Sócrates (1957-), prime minister of Portugal (2005-2011) | |
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| | tortoise shells and animal bones used for divination in the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th to 11th century BC); oracle bones | |
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| | same as Zhuangzi 莊子|庄子 (369-286 BC), Daoist author | |
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| | the prehistoric Shang dynasty (c. 16th-11th century BC) | |
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| | Xia Dynasty (2070-1600 BC) | |
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| | Ximen Bao (active around 422 BC), statesman and hydraulic engineer of Wei 魏國|魏国 | |
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| | a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC | |
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| | lit. military tactics on paper (idiom) / fig. theoretical discussion that is worse than useless in practice / armchair strategist / idle theorizing / cf Zhao Kuo 趙括|赵括 leading an army of 400,000 to total annihilation at battle of Changping 長平之戰|长平之战 in 260 BC | |
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| | the School of the Military, one of the Hundred Schools of Thought 諸子百家|诸子百家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | surname Di / variant of 狄, generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Qin dynasty (221-207 BC), founded by the first emperor Qin Shihuang 秦始皇, the first dynasty to rule the whole of China | |
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| | the Hundred Schools of Thought, the various schools of thought and their exponents during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770-220 BC) | |
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| | Eastern Barbarians, non-Han tribe living to the east of China c 2200 BC | |
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| | 秦越人 (407-310 BC), Warring States physician known for his medical skills, nicknamed Bian Que after the earliest known Chinese physician allegedly from the 黃帝|黄帝 era | |
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| | Imperial College of Supreme Learning, established in 124 BC, and the highest educational institute in ancient China until the Sui Dynasty | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism | |
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| | Daji (c. 11th century BC), concubine of the last Shang dynasty king Zhou Xin 紂辛|纣辛 | |
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