| | second of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / second in order / letter "B" or Roman "II" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / second party (in legal contract, usually 乙方, as opposed to 甲方) / ethyl / bent / winding / radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 5) / ancient Chinese compass point: 105° | HSK 5 |
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| | first of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / (used for an unspecified person or thing) / first (in a list, as a party to a contract etc) / letter "A" or roman "I" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / armor plating / shell or carapace / (of the fingers or toes) nail / bladed leather or metal armor (old) / ranking system used in the Imperial examinations (old) / civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲 system (old) / ancient Chinese compass point: 75° | HSK 5 |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經|道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武|孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | (term coined c. 1920s) unequal treaty – a treaty between China and one or more aggressor nations (including Russia, Japan and various Western powers) which imposed humiliating conditions on China (in the 19th and early 20th centuries) | |
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| | third of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / third in order / letter "C" or Roman "III" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 165° / propyl | HSK 7-9 |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | (derog.) China's foreign propaganda machine (esp. since c. 2009) | |
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| | Marco Polo (1254–c. 1324), Venetian trader and explorer who traveled the Silk road to China, author of Il Milione (Travels of Marco Polo) | |
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| | Xishi (c. 450 BC), famous Chinese beauty, foremost of the four legendary beauties 四大美女, given by King Gou Jian 勾踐|勾践 of Yue as concubine to King of Wu as part of a successful plan to destroy Wu | |
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| | Sima Rangju (c. 800 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), military strategist of the Qi State 齊國|齐国 and author of “Methods of Sima” 司馬法|司马法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | ninth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / ninth in order / letter "I" or Roman "IX" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 345° / nona | |
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| | Lingshu Jing (Divine Pivot, or Spiritual Pivot), ancient Chinese medical text (c. 1st century BC) | |
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| | Fu Hao (c. 1200 BC), or Lady Hao, female Chinese general of the late Shang Dynasty 商朝 | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | Sun Wu, also known as Sun Tzu 孫子|孙子 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法|孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | (Tw) (neologism c. 2008) mainland Chinese tourist | |
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| | Eastern Barbarians, non-Han tribe living to the east of China c 2200 BC | |
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| | Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BC), legalist philosopher and statesman of the state of Qin 秦國|秦国, whose reforms paved the way for the eventual unification of the Chinese empire by the Qin dynasty 秦朝 | |
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| | angry youth – highly nationalistic young Chinese people (abbr. for 憤怒青年|愤怒青年) (neologism c. 1970s) | |
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| | tenth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / tenth in order / letter "J" or Roman "X" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 15° / deca | |
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| | Yang Zhu (c. 440-360 BC), Chinese philosopher advocating ethical egoism | |
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| | Jiang Ziya (c. 1100 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), partly mythical sage advisor to King Wen of Zhou 周文王 and purported author of “Six Secret Strategic Teachings” 六韜|六韬, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書|武经七书 | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture in China / followers or clan of Shennong 神農|神农 | |
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| | Yu Xi, Chinese astronomer (c. 270-345), known for discovering the earth's precession | |
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| | Daniel C. Tsui (1939-), Chinese-born American physicist, winner of 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics | |
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| | Jiang Shinian (c. 2000 BC), birth name of Shennong 神農|神农 Farmer God, first of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 and creator of agriculture in China | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, founder of Taoism | |
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| | Pu'yo, Korean Buyeo (c. 200 BC-494 AD), ancient kingdom in northeast frontier region of China | |
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| | Self-Strengthening Movement (period of reforms in China c 1861-1894), also named 洋務運動|洋务运动 | |
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| | age / seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / seventh in order / letter "G" or Roman "VII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 255° / hepta | |
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| | (of taste) hot or pungent / hard / laborious / suffering / eighth in order / eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / letter "H" or Roman "VIII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 285° / octa | |
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| | Self-Strengthening Movement (period of reforms in China c 1861-1894), also named 自強運動|自强运动 | |
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| | Bamboo Annals, early chronicle of Chinese ancient history, written c. 300 BC | |
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| | Wei Boyang (c. 100-170), Chinese author and alchemist | |
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| | Zhang Yi (c. 3rd century), literary figure from Wei of the Three Kingdoms, other name 稚讓|稚让, named as compiler of earliest extant Chinese encyclopedia 廣雅|广雅 and several lost works | |
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| | Buyeo (c. 200 BC–494 AD), ancient kingdom in what is now northeast China / see 扶餘市|扶余市 | |
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| | variant of 扶餘|扶余 Korean: Buyeo (c. 200 BC-494 AD), ancient kingdom in northeast frontier region of China | |
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