| | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293 年) / former / formerly | HSK 1 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC) | |
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| | BCE (before the Common Era) / BC (before Christ) | |
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| | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經｜道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | (climatology) black carbon (BC) (light-absorbing carbonaceous particulate matter formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, biomass etc) | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407–432) / surname Xia | |
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| | Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), Daoist author | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武｜孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法｜孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書｜武经七书 | |
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| | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子 | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | Former Han dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 西漢｜西汉, Western Han dynasty | |
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| | late Warring States period, c. 250-221 BC before the First Emperor's Qin Dynasty | |
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| | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陝西｜陕西 | |
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| | Beijing resident / Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店, Beijing | |
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| | Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC), power struggle between Liu Bang 劉邦｜刘邦 of Han and Xiang Yu 項羽｜项羽 of Chu | |
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| | a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956 | |
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| | Vertical and Horizontal Alliance, opposing stratagems devised by the School of Diplomacy 縱橫家｜纵横家 during the Warring States Period (425-221 BC) | |
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| | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) / Japanese Warring States period (15th-17th century) | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Western Zhou (1045-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (770-256 BC) | |
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| | archaeological site of Sanxingdui outside Chengdu (Sichuan), exhibiting remarkable bronze artifacts from the 11-12th centuries BC | |
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| | surname Chu / abbr. for Hubei 湖北省 and Hunan 湖南省 provinces together / Chinese kingdom during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (722–221 BC) | |
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| | Zhou Dynasty / Western Zhou 西周 (1046-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou 東周｜东周 (770-221 BC) | |
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| | the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States (475-221 BC) periods | |
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| | the Zhou dynasty from 1027 BC | |
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| | King Huiwen of Qin 秦國｜秦国, ruled 338-311 BC during the Warring States Period | |
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| | the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | "Strategies of the Warring States", chronicle of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), possibly written by Su Qin 蘇秦｜苏秦 | |
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| | Li Bing (c. 3rd century BC) hydraulic engineer who designed the Dujiangyan 都江堰 irrigation system in Sichuan | |
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| | Jia Yi (200-168 BC), Chinese poet and statesman of the Western Han Dynasty | |
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| | the School of the Military, one of the Hundred Schools of Thought 諸子百家｜诸子百家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Goguryeo (37 BC-668 AD), one of the Korean Three Kingdoms | |
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| | Fuxi, legendary Chinese emperor, trad. 2852–2738 BC, mythical creator of fishing, trapping and writing | |
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| | another name for Han Fei 韓非｜韩非, Legalist philosopher (c. 280-233 BC) / Han Feizi, book of Legalist Philosophy authored by Han Fei 韓非｜韩非 during the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | School of Minor-talks, one of the Hundred Schools of Thought 諸子百家｜诸子百家 during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | the nine schools of thought, philosophical schools of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770-220 BC), viz Confucians 儒家, Daoists 道家, Yin and Yang 陰陽家｜阴阳家, Legalists 法家, Logicians 名家, Mohists 墨家, Diplomats 縱橫家｜纵横家, Miscellaneous 雜家｜杂家, and Agriculturalists 農家｜农家 | |
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| | lit. secretly crossing the Wei River 渭河 at Chencang (idiom, refers to a stratagem used by Liu Bang 劉邦｜刘邦 in 206 BC against Xiang Yu 項羽｜项羽 of Chu) / fig. to feign one thing while doing another / to cheat under cover of a diversion | |
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| | Cleopatra (c. 70–30 BC), queen of Egypt | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) | |
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| | (archaeology) Yangshao culture, a Neolithic culture (c. 5000–3000 BC) in the central Yellow River basin, known for painted pottery, millet farming and village settlements | |
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| | Chang'an (ancient name of Xi'an 西安), capital of several Chinese dynasties from 202 BC to 907 CE / see 長安區｜长安区 | |
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| | Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Paekche or Baekje (18 BC-660 AD), one of the Korean Three Kingdoms | |
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| | Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty (141-87 BC) | |
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| | the Legalist school of political philosophy, which rose to prominence in the Warring States period (475–221 BC) (The Legalists believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong state control, and advocated for a system of rigidly applied punishments and rewards for specific behaviors.) / a Legalist | |
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| | Fuxi or Fu Hsi, legendary Chinese emperor 2852-2738 BC, mythical creator of fishing, trapping, and writing | |
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| | Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Yu the Great (c. 21st century BC) mythical leader who tamed the floods | |
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| | Qin Shihuang (259-210 BC), the first emperor | |
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| | the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC | |
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| | the Twenty-Four Histories (25 or 26 in modern editions), collection of books on Chinese dynastic history from 3000 BC till 17th century / fig. a long and complicated story | |
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| | same as Zhuangzi 莊子｜庄子 (369-286 BC), Daoist author | |
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| | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) | |
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| | Epicurus (341-270 BC), ancient Greek philosopher | |
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| | King Cheng of Zhou (1055-1021 BC), reigned 1042-1021 BC as the 2nd king of Western Zhou 西周, son of King Wu of Zhou 周武王 | |
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| | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔子 | |
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| | Wang Zhaojun (52-19 BC), famous beauty at the court of Han emperor Yuan 漢元帝｜汉元帝, one of the four legendary beauties 四大美女 | |
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| | Duke Mu of Qin, the first substantial king of Qin (ruled 659-621 BC), sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸 | |
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| | Zhang Qian (-114 BC), Han dynasty explorer of 2nd century BC | |
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| | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476–220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙｜前赵 (304–329) and Later Zhao 後趙｜后赵 (319–350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms | |
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| | Lian Po (327-243 BC), famous general of Zhao 趙國｜赵国, repeatedly victorious over Qin 秦國｜秦国 and Qi 齊國｜齐国 | |
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| | Hongmen feast / (fig.) banquet set up with the aim of murdering a guest / refers to a famous episode in 206 BC when future Han emperor Liu Bang 劉邦｜刘邦 escaped attempted murder by his rival Xiang Yu 項羽｜项羽 | |
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| | Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" | |
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| | Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) / refers to the Western Han and Eastern Han | |
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| | Mohist School of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), founded by the philosopher 墨子 | |
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| | Caesar (name) / Gaius Julius Caesar 100-42 BC / by extension, emperor, Kaiser, Tsar | |
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| | King Zhuang of Chu (reigned 613-591 BC), one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸 | |
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| | King Gou Jian of Yue (c. 470 BC), sometimes considered one of the Five Hegemons 春秋五霸 | |
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| | Thucydides (c. 455 - c. 400 BC), Greek historian, author of the History of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| | The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon, medical text c. 300 BC | |
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| | abbr. for 黃帝內經｜黄帝内经, The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon, medical text c. 300 BC | |
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| | Xunzi, (c. 310-237 BC), Confucian philosopher / the Xunzi, a collection of philosophical writings attributed to Xunzi | |
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| | Sima Qian (145-86 BC), Han Dynasty historian, author of Records of the Grand Historian 史記｜史记, known as the father of Chinese historiography | |
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| | the prehistoric Shang dynasty (c. 16th-11th century BC) | |
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| | Zhang Yi (-309 BC), political strategist of the School of Diplomacy 縱橫家｜纵横家 during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Xishi (c. 450 BC), famous Chinese beauty, foremost of the four legendary beauties 四大美女, given by King Gou Jian 勾踐｜勾践 of Yue as concubine to King of Wu as part of a successful plan to destroy Wu | |
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| | Sun Bin (-316 BC), political strategist of the School of Diplomacy 縱橫家｜纵横家 during the Warring States Period (425-221 BC) | |
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| | Treatise 134 BC by Han dynasty philosopher Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 | |
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| | Liu An (179-122 BC), King of Huainan under the Western Han, ordered the writing of the 淮南子 | |
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| | lit. repair the plank road by day while secretly crossing the Wei River 渭河 at Chencang (idiom, refers to a stratagem used by Liu Bang 劉邦｜刘邦 in 206 BC against Xiang Yu 項羽｜项羽 of Chu) / fig. to feign one thing while doing another / to cheat under cover of a diversion | |
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| | the Qin (221-207 BC) and Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties | |
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| | Lelang commandery (108 BC-313 AD), one of four Han dynasty commanderies in north Korea | |
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| | Sima Rangju (c. 800 BC, dates of birth and death unknown), military strategist of the Qi State 齊國｜齐国 and author of “Methods of Sima” 司馬法｜司马法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書｜武经七书 | |
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| | Yan Ying (-c 500 BC), famous statesman from Qi of the Warring States, also known as Yanzi 晏子 , hero of book 晏子春秋 | |
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| | Yuan Emperor, reign name of Han Dynasty emperor Liu Shi 劉奭｜刘奭, (74-33 BC), reigned 48-33 BC | |
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| | Ling Xiangru (dates unknown, 3rd century BC), famous statesman of Zhao 趙國｜赵国 | |
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| | Sakyamuni Buddha (Sanskrit: sage of the Sakya) / Siddhartha Gautama (563-485 BC), the historical Buddha and founder of Buddhism | |
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| | Lingshu Jing (Divine Pivot, or Spiritual Pivot), ancient Chinese medical text (c. 1st century BC) | |
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| | Sima Tan (-110 BC), Han dynasty scholar and historian, and father of 司馬遷｜司马迁 | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong | |
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| | Liu Bang (256 or 247-195 BC), bandit leader who became first Han emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖｜汉高祖 (reigned 202-195 BC) | |
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| | Xiang Yu the Conqueror (232-202 BC), warlord defeated by first Han emperor | |
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