| | good / appropriate; proper / all right! / (before a verb) easy to / (before a verb) good to / (before an adjective for exclamatory effect) so / (verb complement indicating completion) / (of two people) close; on intimate terms / (after a personal pronoun) hello | HSK 1 |
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| | (classifier used before a noun that has no specific classifier) / (bound form) individual | HSK 1 |
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| | -ly / structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct | HSK 1 |
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| | from; through; via / (bound form) to follow / (bound form) to obey / (bound form) to engage in (an activity) / (used before a negative) ever / (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) retainer; attendant / (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate / (bound form) (Taiwan pr. [zong4]) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor | HSK 1 |
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| | prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity / old (of people) / venerable (person) / experienced / of long standing / always / all the time / of the past / very / outdated / (of meat etc) tough | HSK 1 |
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| | the day before yesterday | HSK 1 |
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| | still (as before) / had better / unexpectedly / or | HSK 1 |
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| | to exist; to be alive / (of sb or sth) to be (located) at / (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) | HSK 1 |
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| | (adverb) also; both ... and ... (before predicates only) / (literary) particle having functions similar to 啊 | HSK 1 |
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| | he; him (used for either sex when the sex is unknown or unimportant) / (used before sb's name for emphasis) / (used as a meaningless mock object) / (literary) other | HSK 1 |
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| | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293 年) / former / formerly | HSK 1 |
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| | to go / to go to (a place) / (of a time etc) last / just passed / to send / to remove / to get rid of / to reduce / to be apart from in space or time / to die (euphemism) / to play (a part) / (when used either before or after a verb) to go in order to do sth / (after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker) / (used after certain verbs to indicate detachment or separation) | HSK 1 |
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| | to add / plus / (used after an adverb such as 不, 大, 稍 etc, and before a disyllabic verb, to indicate that the action of the verb is applied to sth or sb previously mentioned) / to apply (restrictions etc) to (sb) / to give (support, consideration etc) to (sth) | HSK 2 |
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| | towards / to face / to turn towards / direction / to support / to side with / shortly before / formerly / always / all along / (suffix) suitable for ... / oriented to ... | HSK 2 |
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| | ability; talent / sb of a certain type / a capable individual / then and only then / just now / (before an expression of quantity) only | HSK 2 |
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| | the year before last | HSK 2 |
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| | not long (after) / before too long / soon / soon after | HSK 2 |
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| | before / formerly / previous / ago | HSK 2 |
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| | enough (sufficient) / enough (too much) / (coll.) (before adj.) really / (coll.) to reach by stretching out | HSK 2 |
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| | (variant of 才) just now / (variant of 才) (before an expression of quantity) only | HSK 2 |
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| | variant of 向 / direction / orientation / to face / to turn toward / to / towards / shortly before / formerly | HSK 2 |
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| | to follow / from / because of; due to / by; via; through / (before a noun and a verb) it is for ... to ... | HSK 3 |
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| | (bound form) to compare / (literary) to dispute / compared to / (before an adjective) relatively; comparatively; rather / also pr. [jiao3] | HSK 3 |
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| | to hold; to grasp / to hold a baby in position to help it urinate or defecate / handlebar / classifier: handful, bundle, bunch / classifier for things with handles / (used to put the object before the verb: 把 + {noun} + {verb}) | HSK 3 |
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| | once / already / former / previously / ever / (past tense marker used before verb or clause) | HSK 3 |
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| | still; as before; yet | HSK 3 |
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| | according to / in accordance with / to shine / to illuminate / to reflect / to look at (one's reflection) / to take (a photo) / photo / as requested / as before | HSK 3 |
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| | (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... / (after a noun) person involved in ... / -er / -ist / (used after a number or 後｜后 or 前 to refer to sth mentioned previously) / (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) / (old) (used at the end of a command) / (old) this | HSK 3 |
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| | (bound form) whole; complete; entire; (before a measure word) whole; (before or after number + measure word) exactly / (bound form) in good order; tidy; neat / (bound form) to put in order; to straighten / (bound form) to repair; to mend; to renovate / (coll.) to fix sb; to give sb a hard time; to mess with sb / (dialect) to tinker with; to do sth to | HSK 3 |
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| | quilt / to cover (with) / (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) / used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊｜被旅游 to "go on a trip", for example) | HSK 3 |
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| | before one's eyes / now / at present | HSK 3 |
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| | once / already / ever (in the past) / former / previously / (past tense marker used before verb or clause) | HSK 4 |
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| | still; as before | HSK 4 |
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| | in advance / before the event / beforehand / prior | HSK 4 |
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| | before / prior to / ago / previously / beforehand | HSK 4 |
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| | on time / before deadline / on schedule | HSK 4 |
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| | before; previously | HSK 5 |
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| | in addition / moreover / (used before a disyllabic verb to indicate that the action of the verb is applied to sth or sb previously mentioned) / to apply (restrictions etc) to (sb) / to give (support, consideration etc) to (sth) | HSK 5 |
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| | by the end of the year / at the end of the year; shortly before New Year | HSK 5 |
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| | to unfold before one's eyes; to emerge; to reveal; to display | HSK 5 |
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| | the front (of) / (in) front / (in) sb's presence / just before (a date) | HSK 5 |
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| | as before; still | HSK 5 |
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| | to respect; to revere; to esteem / honorable; distinguished (used on formal occasions before a term of address) | HSK 5 |
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| | as before / (same) as usual / in the same manner / still / nevertheless | HSK 6 |
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| | to come (formal) / before / previously | HSK 6 |
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| | (before a noun) Do (you, they etc) have ...? / Is there a ...? / (before a verb) Did (you, they etc) (verb, infinitive)? / Have (you, they etc) (verb, past participle)? | HSK 6 |
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| | before this / before then / previously | HSK 6 |
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| | to present / to give / to hand over / to hand in / to lay before | HSK 7-9 |
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| | (idiom) just as in the past; as before; continuing as always | HSK 7-9 |
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| | steaming hot / (fig.) bustling / hectic / (fig.) excited / stirred up / (fig.) created only a short time before / freshly minted / hot off the press / (coll.) also pr. [re4 teng1 teng1] | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to appear before one's eyes / to come into view / to float into appearance / to come back (of images from the past) / to emerge / it emerges / it occurs (to me that..) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | as soon as possible / at the first opportunity / the sooner the better / before it's too late | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to face / to overlook / to arrive / to be (just) about to / just before | HSK 7-9 |
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| | eve / the day before | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to the greatest extent / (when used before a noun of location) furthest or extreme / to be within the limits of / to give priority to | HSK 7-9 |
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| | (after a noun N and before a predicate P) the reason why N P / Example: 我之所以討厭他｜我之所以讨厌他 "the reason why I dislike him (is ...)" | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to signal the musicians (in Chinese opera, by prolonging a spoken word before attacking a song) / (coll.) to challenge | HSK 7-9 |
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| | not long ago / not long before | HSK 7-9 |
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| | prefix used before monosyllabic names, kinship terms etc to indicate familiarity / used in transliteration / also pr. [a4] | |
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| | to premiere (a movie or TV show) / premiere (of a movie) / first-run (movie) / to greet (the eye) before anything else (e.g. when entering a room) | |
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| | brief; sketchy / outline; summary / to omit / (bound form before a single-character verb) a bit; somewhat; slightly / plan; strategy / to capture (territory) | |
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| | (idiom) to sweep everything before one; to be invincible | |
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| | in advance / before it happens (cf preventative measures) / forestalling | |
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| | before the present / (a long period) ago | |
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| | to bow to; to pay one's respects / (bound form) to extend greetings (on a specific occasion) / to make a courtesy call / (bound form) (of a monarch) to appoint sb to (a position) by performing a ceremony / to acknowledge sb as one's (master, godfather etc) / (used before some verbs to indicate politeness) | |
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| | to continue to use (old methods) / to apply as before / according to usage | |
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| | the time before a certain date; in advance; beforehand; premature / initial period | |
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| | lit. before it rains, bind around with silk (idiom, from Book of Songs 詩經｜诗经); fig. to plan ahead / to prepare for a rainy day | |
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| | (literary) very soon / before long | |
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| | to stir-fry before broiling or stewing | |
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| | to leave first (courteous expression used to excuse oneself) / (euphemism) to predecease; to die first (e.g. before one's spouse) | |
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| | Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva, the Bodhisattva of the Great Vow (to save all souls before accepting Bodhi) / also translated Earth Treasury, Earth Womb, or Earth Store Bodhisattva | |
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| | original spot / previous place / where it was before | |
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| | (Chinese folk religion) Meng Po, goddess who gives a potion to souls before they are reincarnated, which makes them forget their previous life / (Chinese folk religion) Meng Po, goddess of the wind | |
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| | that one / that thing / that (as opposed to this) / (used before a verb or adjective for emphasis) / (used to humorously or indirectly refer to sth embarrassing, funny etc, or when one can't think of the right word) / (used in speech as a filler, similar to "umm", "you know" etc) / (euph.) menstruation / sex / also pr. [nei4 ge5] | |
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| | before / day before yesterday | |
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| | a wise man looks after his own hide (idiom) / to put one's own safety before matters of principle | |
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| | to lay a foundation (also fig.) / to make a first sketch / to eat sth before drinking / to apply an undercoat | |
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| | to start off before the others; to precede / to proceed in advance | |
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| | Classical Chinese name for planet Venus in the east before dawn | |
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| | lit. an arrogant army is bound to lose (idiom) / fig. pride goes before a fall | |
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| | Kṣitigarbha, the Bodhisattva of the Great Vow (to save all souls before accepting Bodhi) / also translated Earth Treasury, Earth Womb, or Earth Store Bodhisattva | |
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| | just a while before / not so long ago / everyone can remember when.. | |
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| | no stronghold one cannot overcome (idiom); to conquer every obstacle / nothing one can't do / to carry everything before one | |
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| | as before / as in the past | |
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| | in advance; before the event | |
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| | lit. to wait for dawn, one's head resting on a spear (idiom) / fig. fully prepared and biding one's time before the battle | |
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| | Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva, the Bodhisattva of the Great Vow (to save all souls before accepting Bodhi) / also translated Earth Treasury, Earth Womb, or Earth Store Bodhisattva | |
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| | (category defined by the Communist Party) poor and lower-middle peasants: farmers who, before land reform, possessed little or no land (poor peasants) and those who were barely able to support themselves with their own land (lower-middle peasants) | |
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| | a few days ago / a few days before / the past few days / the previous few days | |
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| | (of an airplane, ship, vehicle etc) to continue a journey without refueling / (of an electronic device, battery etc) to run before needing to be recharged | |
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| | before daybreak / dawn about to break / (used in given names) | |
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| | lit. not hiding anything he knows, not stopping before he has said it through (idiom) / fig. frank; outspoken | |
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| | before leaving / on departure | |
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| | soon / before long | |
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| | potion given to souls by Meng Po 孟婆 before they are reincarnated, which makes them forget their previous life | |
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| | original shape / the same as before | |
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| | (idiom) to be bent solely on profit; to put profit before everything else | |
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| | lackey / errand boy / lit. runner before a carriage | |
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| | to carry on as before / to follow (an old custom etc) | |
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